Résumés
Abstract
The general implications of AI for libraries are much discussed in library literature. But while this discussion takes place at the library-wide level, there are also important implications for subject librarians due to the specific uses of AI in different professions and areas of study. These are often overlooked as these specializations tend to publish in subject-specific journals. This article aims to address this research gap by providing a comparison and thematic analysis of this literature. Subject-specific library journals in the areas of law, health sciences, business, and humanities and social sciences were searched to identify relevant journal articles that discussed AI. 139 articles were identified and tagged with at least one category that reflected the nature of the discussion around AI. The following analysis showed that literature related to law had the greatest number of articles by far, though the publishing activity in all disciplines has increased significantly in the last 10 years. This article explores these trends to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the implications for subject-specific library work.
Keywords:
- artificial intelligence,
- liaison librarians,
- subject librarians,
- technology
Résumé
Les implications générales de l'IA pour les bibliothèques sont au cœur des débats dans les écrits en bibliothéconomie. Cependant, bien que cette discussion ait lieu au niveau de la bibliothèque dans son ensemble, il y a aussi des implications importantes pour les bibliothécaires spécialisés en raison des utilisations particulières de l'IA dans les différentes professions et domaines d'études. Ces implications sont souvent négligées, car ces professions spécialisées ont tendance à publier dans des revues spécialisées. Le présent article a pour objectif de combler cette lacune de recherche en procédant à une comparaison et à une analyse thématique de ces écrits scientifiques. Des recherches ont été effectuées dans des revues spécialisées en droit, en sciences de la santé, en affaires et en sciences humaines et sociales afin de recenser les articles pertinents traitant de l'IA. 139 articles ont été recensés et étiquetés avec au moins une catégorie reflétant la nature de la réflexion autour de l'IA. L'analyse suivante a montré que les écrits scientifiques liés au droit comptaient de loin le plus grand nombre d'articles, bien que la quantité de publications dans toutes les disciplines ait considérablement augmenté au cours des dix dernières années. Le présent article explore ces tendances afin de mieux comprendre les implications pour le travail des bibliothèques spécialisées.
Mots-clés :
- bibliothécaires de liaison,
- bibliothécaires spécialisés,
- intelligence artificielle,
- technologie
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ali, Muhammad Yousuf, Salaman Bin Naeem, and Rubina Bhatti. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence Tools and Perspectives of University Librarians: An Overview.” Business Information Review 37 (3): 116–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382120952016
- Allison, DeeAnn. 2012. “Chatbots in the Library: Is It Time?” Library Hi Tech 30 (1): 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211213238
- American Association of Law Libraries. 2022. “2022 Biennial AALL Membership Survey Results.” American Library Association. 2019. “Artificial Intelligence.” Tools, Publications & Resources. February 4, 2019. https://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/artificialintelligence
- Anderson, Clifford B., and Hilary A. Craiglow. 2017. “Text Mining in Business Libraries.” Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 22 (2): 149–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/08963568.2017.1285749
- Antel, Ryan, Samira Abbasgholizadeh-Rahimi, Elena Guadagno, Jason M. Harley, and Dan Poenaru. 2022. “The Use of Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality in Doctor-Patient Risk Communication: A Scoping Review.” Patient Education and Counseling 105 (10): 3038–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.06.006
- Arlitsch, Kenning, and Bruce Newell. 2017. “Thriving in the Age of Accelerations: A Brief Look at the Societal Effects of Artificial Intelligence and the Opportunities for Libraries.” Journal of Library Administration 57 (7): 789–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2017.1362912
- Arredondo, Pablo, and Javed Qadrud-Din. 2020. “From Vellum to Vectors.” AALL Spectrum 25 (5): 12–15.
- Baba, Kensuke, Toshiro Minami, and Tetsuya Nakatoh. 2016. “Predicting Book Use in University Libraries by Synchronous Obsolescence.” Procedia Computer Science, Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference KES-2016, 96 (January): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.08.082
- Bengtson, Jason. 2011. “AI in the ER: What Is Watson and What Does It Mean for Medical Librarianship?” Journal of Hospital Librarianship 11 (3): 289–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15323269.2011.586919
- Berg, Selinda, and Kristin Hoffman. 2022. “Peer Reviewed LIS Journals.” January 4, 2022. https://library.usask.ca/ceblip/research-resources/peer-reviewed-journals.php
- Baker, Jamie. 2017. “2018 A Legal Research Odyssey: Artificial Intelligence as Disruptor.” Law Library Journal 110 (1): 5–30.
- Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brody, Stacy. 2021. “Scite.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 109 (4): 707–10. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2021.1331
- Brygfjeld, Svein Arne, Freddy Wetjen, and André Walsøe. 2018. “Machine Learning for Production of Dewey Decimal.” In IFLA WLIC 2018. Kuala Lampur.
- Burns, Joseph K., Cole Etherington, Olivia Cheng-Boivin, and Sylvain Boet. n.d. “Using an Artificial Intelligence Tool Can Be as Accurate as Human Assessors in Level One Screening for a Systematic Review.” Health Information & Libraries Journal n/a (n/a). Accessed February 23, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12413
- Butterfield, Andrew, Gerard Ekembe Ngondi, and Anne Kerr. 2016. “Artificial Intelligence.” In A Dictionary of Computer Science, edited by Andrew Butterfield, Gerard Ekembe Ngondi, and Anne Kerr. Oxford University Press. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001/acref-9780199688975-e-204
- CADTH. 2018. “An Overview of Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence.” CADTH Issues in Emerging Health Technologies 174 (September).
- Callister, Paul D. 2020. “Law, Artificial Intelligence, and Natural Language Processing: A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to My Search Results.” Law Library Journal 112 (2): 161–212.
- Chambers, Thane. 2019. “Dimensions.” Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association 40 (1): 23–26. https://doi.org/10.29173/jchla29405
- Chen, Donghua, Runtong Zhang, Jiayi Feng, and Kecheng Liu. 2020. “Fulfilling Information Needs of Patients in Online Health Communities.” Health Information & Libraries Journal 37 (1): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12253
- Clarke, Victoria, and Virginia Braun. 2014. “Thematic Analysis.” In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology, edited by Thomas Teo, 1947–52. New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_311
- Ching, Tina S., Jason Eiseman, and Shawn G. Nevers. 2019. “A Closer Look at the Caselaw Access Project.” AALL Spectrum 24 (5): 20–23.
- Coghill, Jeffrey G., and Heidi Reis. 2021. “Hey BERT! Meet the Databases: Explorations of Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers Model Use in Database Search Algorithms.” Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries 18 (2–3): 112–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15424065.2021.1955073
- Cox, Andrew M., Stephen Pinfield, and Sophie Rutter. 2019. "The intelligent library: Thought leaders’ views on the likely impact of artificial intelligence on academic libraries." Library Hi Tech 37 (3): 418-435.
- Craig, Jessica. 2021. “Computer Vision for Visual Arts Collections: Looking at Algorithmic Bias, Transparency, and Labor.” Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 40 (2). https://doi.org/10.1086/716730
- Fricke, Suzanne. 2018. “Semantic Scholar.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 106 (1): 145–47. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.280
- Gasparini, Andrea, and Heli Kautonen. 2022. “Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Research Libraries – Extensive Literature Review.” LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries 32 (1). https://doi.org/10.53377/lq.10934
- Gediman, Mark. 2016. “Artificial Intelligence: Not Just Sci-Fi Anymore.” AALL Spectrum 21 (1): 34–37.
- Granikov, Vera. 2016. “Read by QxMD.” Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association 37 (1): 31–35. https://doi.org/10.5596/c16-006
- Gujral, Garima, Shivarama J, and Puttaraj Choukimath. 2020. Perceptions and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Academic Libraries: An Overview of Global Trends.
- Haaxma-jurek, Johanna. 2021. “Artificial Intelligence.” In The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by Katherine H. Nemeh and Jacqueline L. Longe, 6th ed., 1:343–48. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale.
- Hanson, F. Allan. 2002. “From Key Numbers to Keywords: How Automation Has Transformed the Law.” Law Library Journal 94 (4): 563–600.
- Hervieux, Sandy, and Amanda Wheatley. 2021. “Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Academic Librarians in Canada and the United States.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 47 (1): 102270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102270
- Hook, Peter A. 2021. “A Framework for Understanding, Using & Teaching Litigation Analytics: Essential Concepts for Students, Lawyers, and Legal Information Professionals.” AALL Spectrum 26 (2): 20–23.
- Janoski-Haehlen, Emily. 2019. “Robots, Blockchain, ESI, Oh My!: Why Law Schools Are (or Should Be) Teaching Legal Technology.” Legal Reference Services Quarterly 38 (3): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270319X.2019.1656456
- Kahili-Heede, Melissa, and K. J. Hillgren. 2021. “Colandr.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 109 (3): 523–25. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2021.1263
- Kane, Danielle. 2017. “Analyzing an Interactive Chatbot and Its Impact on Academic Reference Services.” ACRL 19th National Conference: Recasting the Narrative. Cleveland, Ohio. https://doi.org/10.7280/D1P075
- Knapp, Melanie, and Rob Willey. 2013. “Comparison of Research Speed and Accuracy Using Westlaw Classic and WestlawNext.” Legal Reference Services Quarterly 32 (1–2): 126–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270319X.2013.766487
- Kroski, Ellyssa. 2020. “Introduction.” In Law Librarianship in the Age of AI. Chicago: ALA Editions.
- Lastres, Steven A. 2020. “Transforming Legal Practice through Advances in Machine Learning & Data Science.” AALL Spectrum 25 (5): 1.
- Lohisse, André . 2019. “Anything Else? Assessing the Needs of Researchers at the Library of Paris-Dauphine.” Ticker: The Academic Business Librarianship Review 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.3998/ticker.16481003.0003.205
- Maddigan, Megan. 2015. “Google Under the Surface.” Canadian Law Library Review 40 (2): 9–12.
- Marks, Taryn. 2015. “John West and the Future of Legal Subscription Databases.” Law Library Journal 107 (3): 377–98.
- Mart, Susan Nevelow. 2013. “The Case for Curation: The Relevance of Digest and Citator Results in Westlaw and Lexis.” Legal Reference Services Quarterly 32 (1–2): 13–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270319X.2013.759036
- Mart, Susan Nevelow. 2017a. “The Algorithm as a Human Artifact: Implications for Legal {Re}Search.” Law Library Journal 109 (3): 387.
- Mart, Susan Nevelow. 2017b. “Every Algorithm Has a POV: Understanding the Human Element in Search Algorithms, and Appreciating How It Affects Search Results.” AALL Spectrum 22 (1): 40-44.
- Mart, Susan Nevelow, Joe Breda, Ed Walters, Tito Sierra, and Khalid Al-Kofahi. 2019. “Inside the Black Box of Search Algorithms: A behind-the-Scenes Look at the Algorithms That Rank Results in Bloomberg Law, Fastcase, Lexis Advance, and Westlaw.” AALL Spectrum 24 (2): 10–15.
- Martineau, Andrew J. 2020. “Reinforcing the Infrastructure of Legal Research through Court-Authored Metadata.” Law Library Journal 112 (1): 5–46.
- McGowan, Bethany S. 2022. “World Health Organization’s Early AI-Supported Response with Social Listening Platform.” Journal of the Medical Library Association 110 (2): 273–75. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2022.1398
- Miner, Gary. 2012. Practical Text Mining and Statistical Analysis for Non-Structured Text Data Applications. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.
- Minion, Joel, Oluwaseun Egunsola, Liza Mastikhina, Brenlea Farkas, Mark Hofmeister, Jordyn Flanagan, Charleen Salmon, and Fiona Clement. 2021. “PICO Portal.” Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association / Journal de l’Association Des Bibliothèques de La Santé Du Canada 42 (3). https://doi.org/10.29173/jchla29590
- Moore, Mary, and Kimberly A. Loper. 2011. “An Introduction to Clinical Decision Support Systems.” Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries 8 (4): 348–66.
- Nagel, Stuart S. 1990. “Literature on Computer Software and Legal Decision Making.” Law Library Journal 82 (4): 749–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/15424065.2011.626345
- Niedringhaus, Kristina L. 2017. “Evolution or Revolution: The Transformation of Law.” AALL Spectrum 22 (1): 1.
- Nourbakhsh, Eva, Rebecca Nugent, Helen Wang, Cihan Cevik, and Kenneth Nugent. 2012. “Medical Literature Searches: A Comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar.” Health Information & Libraries Journal 29 (3): 214–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2012.00992.x
- Ogden, Patti. 1993. “Mastering the Lawless Science of Our Law: A Story of Legal Citation Indexes.” Law Library Journal 85 (1): 1–48.
- Oh, Yoo Jung, Jingwen Zhang, Min-Lin Fang, and Yoshimi Fukuoka. 2021. “A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots for Promoting Physical Activity, Healthy Diet, and Weight Loss.” The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 18 (1): 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01224-6
- Oramas, Sergio, and Mohamed Sordo. 2016. “Knowledge Is out There: A New Step in the Evolution of Music Digital Libraries.” Fontes Artis Musicae 63 (4):285–99.
- Peoples, Lee F. 2012. “Testing the Limits of WestlawNext.” Legal Reference Services Quarterly 31 (2): 125–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/0270319X.2012.682928
- Prokop, Ellen, X.y. Han, Vardan Papyan, David L. Donoho, and C. Richard Johnson. 2021. “AI and the Digitized Photoarchive: Promoting Access and Discoverability.” Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 40 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1086/714604
- Rahaman, Tariq. 2021. “Discovering New Trends & Connections: Current Applications of Biomedical Text Mining.” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 40 (3): 329–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2021.1945869
- Ridley, Michael, and Danica Pawlick-Potts. 2021. “Algorithmic Literacy and the Role for Libraries.” Information Technology and Libraries 40 (2). https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v40i2.12963
- Rodriguez, Sharesly, and Christina Mune. 2022. “Uncoding Library Chatbots: Deploying a New Virtual Reference Tool at the San Jose State University Library.” Reference Services Review 50 (3/4): 392–405. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-05-2022-0020
- Shrager, Deborah E. 2014. “Saying Farewell to a Classic: Goodbye to Westlaw.Com.” AALL Spectrum 19 (3): 27–31.
- Soares, Leanne. 2020. “Artificial Intelligence in Canadian Law Libraries.” Canadian Law Library Review 4(7).
- Solberg, Judy. 1999. “Social Sciences Data on the Net.” Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 5 (2):47–52.
- Spencer, Angela J., and Jonathan D. Eldredge. 2018. “Roles for Librarians in Systematic Reviews: A Scoping Review.” Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA 106 (1): 46–56. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2018.82
- Steenken, Beau. 2014. “Lexis Two-Step: After Two Major Updates in 2014, Lexis Advance Empowers Users with Improved Functionality.” AALL Spectrum 19 (2): 25–27.
- Subramanian, Harry, Rahul Dey, Waverly Rose Brim, Niklas Tillmanns, Gabriel Cassinelli Petersen, Alexandria Brackett, Amit Mahajan, Michele Johnson, Ajay Malhotra, and Mariam Aboian. 2021. “Trends in Development of Novel Machine Learning Methods for the Identification of Gliomas in Datasets That Include Non-Glioma Images: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in Oncology 11: 788819.https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.788819
- Sutherland, Sarah. 2020. “Forecasting Technology Developments in the Legal System.” AALL Spectrum 25 (5): 40–43.
- Talley, Nancy B. 2016. “Imagining the Use of Intelligent Agents and Artificial Intelligence in Academic Law Libraries.” Law Library Journal 108: 19.
- The Library of Congress. 2019. “Library of Congress Authorities.” September 25, 2019. https://authorities.loc.gov/
- Vardell, Emily, and Mary Moore. 2011. “Isabel, a Clinical Decision Support System.” Medical Reference Services Quarterly 30 (2): 158–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2011.562800
- Walters, Ed, and Morgan Wright. 2018. “Putting Artificial Intelligence to Work in Law Firms.” AALL Spectrum 23 (1): 16–19.
- Wang, Pei. 2019. "On defining artificial intelligence." Journal of Artificial General Intelligence 10 (2): 1-37.
- Wheatley, Amanda, and Sandy Hervieux. 2022. “Separating Artificial Intelligence from Science Fiction: Creating an Academic Library Workshop Series on AI Literacy.” In The Rise of AI : Implications and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Academic Libraries, 10. Chicago, Illinois: Association of College and Research Libraries.
- Wheeler, Ronald E. 2011. “Does WestlawNext Really Change Everything - The Implications of WestlawNext on Legal Research.” Law Library Journal 103 (3): 359–78.
- Whisner, Mary. 2018. “My Year of Citation Studies, Part 1 Practicing Reference.” Law Library Journal 110 (1): 167–82.
- Yoon, JungWon, James E. Andrews, and Heather L. Ward. 2022. “Perceptions on Adopting Artificial Intelligence and Related Technologies in Libraries: Public and Academic Librarians in North America.” Library Hi Tech 40 (6): 1893–1915. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-07-2021-0229
- Yelton, Andromeda. 2019. “HAMLET: Neural-Net-Powered Prototypes for Library Discovery.” In Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Libraries, edited by Jason Griffey. Chicago, IL: ALA TechSource.