Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article porte sur l’intégration de l’aménagement du territoire et des transports au niveau métropolitain en Amérique du Nord. Au moyen d’une analyse de contenu d’entretiens semi-dirigés et d’une recherche documentaire, deux grandes régions métropolitaines, Toronto et Chicago, sont comparées quant à leur cheminement institutionnel vers une plus grande intégration de la planification des transports et de l’aménagement du territoire. Les interventions des différents paliers d’autorité sont décrites et comparées, mettant en exergue la manière dont le défi d’intégration est entrepris des deux côtés de la frontière. Alors que le gouvernement de l’Ontario a emprunté une approche législative et davantage centralisée, avec la création d’une agence de transport métropolitaine contrôlée par le ministre des Transports et l’adoption de deux lois de gestion de la croissance avec obligation de conformité, le gouvernement de l’Illinois a opté pour une approche plus décentralisée, avec la création d’une agence de planification régionale aux capacités de financement et à l’autorité limitées, dont le fonctionnement est basé sur la coopération volontaire entre acteurs locaux. Les différentes trajectoires empruntées dans les deux régions indiquent que la dimension verticale de la gouvernance constitue un passage obligé, à certaines étapes des politiques visant l’intégration des transports et de l’aménagement du territoire au niveau régional, et soulève des questions quant à l’impact du design institutionnel des nouvelles agences de planification sur le financement des projets de transport et les décisions relatives à l’utilisation du sol.
Mots-clés :
- Transport,
- aménagement du territoire,
- planification intégrée,
- stratégie de gestion de la croissance,
- gouvernance urbaine,
- gouvernance multiniveau,
- design institutionnel,
- Canada,
- États-Unis,
- étude comparative
Abstract
This article focuses on the integration of transportation and land use planning at the metropolitan level in North America. Using semi-structured interviews and documentary sources, two large metropolitan areas, Toronto and Chicago, are compared in terms of their institutional evolution towards the goal of integrating regional transportation and land use planning. Public policies of different levels of government are documented, outlining the differences in responding to the challenges of planning integration in each city. In Toronto, a regional transportation agency controlled by the ministry of Transportation was created, and two pieces of legislation implementing a growth management strategy were adopted. In Chicago, a regional planning agency with the mandate of integrating transportation and land use planning was created, but its funding capacity and authority in terms of land use planning are limited, and thus more dependent on voluntary cooperation with the numerous local entities. These two different trajectories of reform indicate that the vertical dimension of governance constitutes an obligatory step on the path to the integration of transportation and land use planning at the regional level, and raise some questions around the impacts on transportation funding and land use decisions of the institutional design of new regional planning agencies.
Keywords:
- Transport,
- land use,
- integrated planning,
- growth management strategy,
- urban governance,
- multi-level governance,
- institutional design,
- Canada,
- United States,
- comparative study
Resumen
Este artículo trata sobre la integración de la planificación del territorio y del transporte a nivel metropolitano en América del Norte. Gracias al análisis de contenido de entrevistas casi dirigidas y de documentos, se comparan dos grandes regiones metropolitanas: Toronto y Chicago, en cuanto al proceso institucional hacia una mayor integración entre la planificación del transporte y la territorial. Se describen intervenciones a diferentes grados de autoridad y se las compara, destacando la manera cómo el desafío de integración se enfrenta en los dos lados fronterizos. Mientras que el gobierno de Ontario ha adoptado un enfoque legislativo y más centralizado, creando un agencia metropolitana de transportes controlada por el Ministerio de Transportes y por dos leyes de gestión de desarrollo con obligación de conformidad, el gobierno de Illinois ha optado por un enfoque más descentralizado, creando un agencia de planificación regional, con posibilidades de financiamiento y autoridad limitada, cuyo funcionamiento se basa en la cooperación voluntaria de los actores locales. Las trayectorias diferentes de las dos regiones indican que la dimensión vertical de gobernanza es obligatoria en ciertas etapas de la política que tienden a integrar los transporte y la planificación del territorio a nivel regional. Esas trayectorias interrogan el impacto del design institucional de las nuevas agencias de panificación sobre el financiamiento de proyectos de transporte y las decisiones relativas a la utilización del suelo.
Palabras clave:
- Transporte,
- planificación territorial,
- planificación integrada,
- estrategia de gestión del desarrollo,
- gobernanza urbana,
- gobernanza a varios niveles,
- creación institucional,
- Canadá,
- Estados Unidos,
- estudio comparativo
Appendices
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