Résumés
Abstract
This study employed a critical narrative approach to examine the experience of Aboriginal Veterans in Canada adopted and/or fostered during the Sixties Scoop. The objectives of this study was to: 1) understand lived experiences of Aboriginal veterans adopted and/or fostered during the Sixties Scoop, 2) investigate health needs articulated by this population, and 3) provide suggestions for the creation of health services to aid Aboriginal veterans adopted and/or fostered during the Sixties Scoop with their health needs. Individual interviews were audio-recorded and conducted with eight participants from across Canada. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the holistic-content model (Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach & Zilber, 1998). Data analysis of the interviews uncovered three overarching themes: a) sense of belonging, b) racism: experienced and perceived, and c) resilience: not giving up in the face of adversity. Two main health needs conveyed by the participants included mental health care and support to fight substance abuse. More awareness regarding the historical realities experienced by this population and the impact this may have on their overall health is needed. Increased coordination between Veterans Affairs Canada (VAC), Royal Canadian Legion (RCL), National Aboriginal Veterans Association (NAVA), Aboriginal Veteran Autochthones (AVA), and Aboriginal agencies is needed to address the mental health needs experienced by this group of veterans.
Keywords:
- Aboriginal,
- Adoption,
- Canadian Forces,
- Critical Narrative Inquiry,
- Health,
- Foster Care,
- Sixties Scoop,
- Veteran
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Absolon, K. (2010). Indigenous wholistic theory: a knowledge set for practice. First Peoples Child & Family Review,5(2), 74-87.
- Absolon, K., & Willett, C. (2004). Aboriginal research: Berry picking and hunting in the 21st century. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 1(1), 5-17.
- Arsenault, A. (2006). The life cycle experiences and influences of adoption through Aboriginaladult stories. (Unpublished master’s thesis). The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia.
- Bagley, C., Young, L., & Scully, A. (1993). International and transracial adoptions: A mental health perspective. Brookfield: Avebury Ashgate Publishing Limited.
- Barton, S. S. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Locating Aboriginal epistemology in a relational methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 45(5), 519-526.
- Barton, S. S. (2008). Discovering the literature on Aboriginal diabetes in Canada: A focus on holistic methodologies. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 40(4), 26-54.
- Boivin, M., & Hassan, G. (2015). Ethnic identity and psychological adjustment in transracial adoptees: A review of the literature. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(7), 1084-1103.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research inPsychology, 3(2), 77-101.
- Browne, A. J., Smye, V. L., & Varcoe, C. (2005). The relevance of postcolonial theoretical perspectives to research in Aboriginal health. CJNR (Canadian Journal of NursingResearch), 37(4), 16-37.
- Carriere, J. (2005). Connectedness and health for First Nation adoptees. Paediatrics & Child Health, 10(9), 545-548.
- Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative inquiry: A methodology for studying lived experience. Research Studies in Music Education, 27(1), 44-54.
- Communication Branch Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (2002). Words First. Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/webarchives/20071124233110/ http://www.aincinac.gc.ca/pr/pub/wf/wofi_e.pdf
- Elder, G. H., & Rockwell, R. C. (1979). The life-course and human development: An ecological perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2(1), 1-21.
- Fast, E., & Collin-Vezina, D. (2010). Historical trauma, race based & trauma and resilience of Indigenous peoples: A literature review. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 5(1), 126-136.
- Gaffen, F. (1985). Forgotten soldiers. Penticton, B.C: Theytus Books.
- Government of Canada. (2013). Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Armed Forces. Retrieved from http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=aboriginal-peoples-in-the-canadian-armed-forces/hie8w98n
- Government of Canada. (2015). Understanding mental health. Retrieved from http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/services/health/mental-health/understanding-mental-health
- Jiwa, A., Kelly, L., & Pierre-Hansen, N. (2008). Healing the community to heal the individual Literature review of aboriginal community-based alcohol and substance abuse programs. Canadian Family Physician, 54(7), 1000e1-1000e7.
- Johnston, P. (1983). Native children and the child welfare system. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development.
- Joseph, P., Davis, A. D., Miller, R., Hill, K., McCarthy, H., Banerjee, A., ... & Anand, S. S. (2012). Contextual determinants of health behaviours in an Aboriginal community in Canada: Pilot project. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 952.
- Kirmayer, L. J., Dandeneau, S., Marshall, E., Phillips, M. K., & Williamson, K. J. (2011). Rethinking resilience from indigenous perspectives. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(2), 84-91.
- Kirmayer, L.J., Tait, L.T., & Simpson, C. (2009). The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: transformations of identity and community. In L. J. Kirmayer & G.G.Valaskakis (Eds.), Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada (pp.3-36). Vancouver: UBC press.
- Lieblich, A., Tuval-Maschiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Readinganalysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- MacFarlane, J., & Moses, J. (2005). Different drummers: Aboriginal culture and the Canadian armed forces, 1939-2002. Canadian Military Journal, 6(1), 25-32.
- Manzi, C., Ferrari, L., Rosnati, R., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2014). Bicultural identity integration of transracial adolescent adoptees antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 45(6), 888-904.
- Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522-526.
- Menzies, P. (2006). Intergenerational trauma and homeless Aboriginal men. Canadian Review of Social Policy, (58), 1.
- Moses, J., Graves, D. E., & Sinclair, W. (2004). A sketch account of Aboriginal peoples in theCanadian Military. National Defence.
- Nuttgens, S. (2004). Life stories of Aboriginal adults raised in non Aboriginal Families. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
- Nuttgens, S. (2013). Stories of Aboriginal transracial adoption. Qualitative Report, 18, 3.
- Peterson, J. J. (2002). Lost birds: An exploration of the phenomenological experience of transracially adopted Native Americans. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin.
- Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 126.
- Ray, S.L. & Abdulwasi, M. (in press). The experience of homelessness and migration among Aboriginal veterans. In J Dalton (Ed.). Encounters in Canada: Comparing Indigenous,Settler, and Immigrant Perspectives. Canadian Scholars press. Manuscript submitted for Publication.
- Ray, S. L., & Heaslip, K. (2011). Canadian military transitioning to civilian life: A discussion paper. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 18(3), 198-204.
- Ray, S.L., Ta’an, W., Bamford, M., Forchuk, C., & Acosta, N. (2011). A downward spiral: Homelessness among Canadian Forces and Allied Forces veterans. Esprit de Corps,18(10), 42-59.
- Reading, C. L. (2013). Understanding racism. Prince George, BC: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Reading, C., & Wien, F. (2009). Health inequalities and the social determinants of Aboriginal peoples' health. Prince George, BC: National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health.
- Sheffield, S. (1996). "Of pure European descent and of the white race”: Recruitment policy and Aboriginal Canadians, 1939–1945. Canadian Military History, 5(1), 8-15.
- Sheffield, S., & Lackenbaeur, P. (2007). Chapter 8: Moving Beyond "Forgotten:" The Histiography on Canadian Native Peoples and the World Wars. In P.W. Lackenbaeur & C.L. Mantle (Eds.), Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Military: HistoricalPerspectives (pp. 209-231). Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press.
- Short, M. M., Mushquash, C. J., & Bédard, M. (2014). Interventions for motor vehicle crashes among Indigenous communities: Strategies to inform Canadian initiatives. CanadianJournal of Public Health, 105(4), e296-e305.
- Sinclair, R. (2007). Identity lost and found: Lessons from the sixties scoop. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 3(1), 65-82.
- Sindelar, R. (2004). Negotiating Indian identity: Native Americans and transracial adoption. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois.
- Sinha, V., Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., MacLaurin, B., Fast, E., Prokop, S.,et al. (2011). Kiskisik Awasisak: Remember the children: Understanding the overrepresentation of First Nationschildren in the child welfare system. Ontario: Assembly of First Nations, 2011.
- Smith, D., Varcoe, C., & Edwards, N. (2005). Turning around the intergenerational impact of residential schools on Aboriginal people: Implications for health policy and practice. CJNR (Canadian Journal of Nursing Research), 37(4), 38-60.
- Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social PsychologyQuarterly, 224-237.
- Summerby, J. (2005). Native soldiers, foreign battlefields. Ottawa: Veterans Affairs Canada.
- Thurston, W. E., Coupal, S., Jones, C. A., Crowshoe, L. F., Marshall, D. A., Homik, J., & Barnabe, C. (2014). Discordant Indigenous and provider frames explain challenges in improving access to arthritis care: A qualitative study using constructivist grounded theory. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 46.
- Vukic, A., Gregory, D., Martin-Misener, R., & Etowa, J. (2011). Aboriginal and western conceptions of mental health and illness. Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health, 9(1), 65-86.
- Waldram, J. B., Herring, A., & Young, T. K. (2007). Aboriginal health in Canada: Historical, cultural, and epidemiological perspectives. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- Westermeyer, J. (1977). Cross-racial foster home placement among Native American psychiatric patients. Journal of the National Medical Association, 69(4), 231.
- Wilson, K., & Cardwell, N. (2012). Urban Aboriginal health: Examining inequalities between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal populations in Canada. The Canadian Geographer, 56(1), 98-116.
- Young, T. K. (2012). Cardiovascular health among Canada's Aboriginal populations: A review. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 21(10), 618-622.
10.7202/1068933ar