Résumés
Abstract
This essay explores how Soviet authorities appropriated medical knowledge derived from the treatment of a “passive” juvenile population to create a new assurance of municipal well-being in the 1920s. The attempt to control and remediate the spread of disease reflected a Bolshevik certainty in the state’s ability to confront the frontier of health by applying the dictates of modern science. Revolution and civil war brought challenge—the fractured city changed hands repeatedly until a final, tentative victory by the Red Army in 1920. Odesa’s children figuratively confronted a political, moral, and social liminality, standing between the diseased, corrupt yesteryear and a salubrious, principled future. Soviet central authorities sought to revive the newly liberated city by establishing a network of children’s institutions in which they would contain contagion, but also bring the full spectrum of applied expertise to bear on young bodies. In this traumatized city at the Soviet Union’s edge, state custodians would raise a new, loyal generation. Its health would signify revolution achieved. Illness would continue to plague the city’s residents, but the myth of a community united in health created an ecology of promise and activism.
Keywords:
- children,
- orphan,
- disease,
- public health,
- medical,
- poverty,
- school,
- political education,
- Soviet Union,
- Odesa
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Ball, Alan. And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930. California UP, 1994.
- Beer, Daniel. Renovating Russia: The Human Sciences and the Fate of Liberal Modernity, 1880–1930. Cornell UP, 2008.
- Bernstein, Frances Lee. The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses. Northern Illinois UP, 2007.
- Bernstein, Frances Lee, et al. “Experts, Expertise, and New Histories of Soviet Medicine.” Soviet Medicine: Culture, Practice, and Science, edited by Frances Lee Bernstein et al., Northern Illinois UP, 2010, pp. 3–26.
- Bukrieiev, Taras. Dosvid podolannia dytiachoi bezprytul'nosti ta bezdohliadnosti na pivdni Ukraïny v umovakh formuvannia radians'koho totalitarnoho rezhymu. 2019. Skhidnoievropeis'kyi natsional'nyi universytet imeni Lesi Ukraïnky, Kand. ist. nauk.
- Byford, Andy. Science of the Child in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia. Oxford UP, 2020.
- Caroli, Dorena. L'Enfance abondonnée et délinquante dans la Russie Soviétique (1917–1937). L'Harmattan, 2004.
- David-Fox, Michael. Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941. Oxford UP, 2012.
- Davis, John P. Russia in the Time of Cholera: Disease under Romanovs and Soviets. I. B. Tauris, 2018.
- Dewey, John. Impressions of Soviet Russia and the Revolutionary World, Mexico-China-Turkey. New Republic, 1929.
- Dobrov, P. V., et al. Borot'ba z dytiachoiu bezprytul'nistiu ta bezdohliadnistiu v pershi pisliavoienni roky (na prykladi Donbasu). Donbas, 2011.
- Ewing, E. Thomas. The Teachers of Stalinism: Policy, Practice, and Power in Soviet Schools of the 1930s. Peter Lang, 2002.
- Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Commissariat of Enlightenment: Soviet Organization of Education and the Arts under Lunacharsky, October 1917–1921. Cambridge UP, 1970.
- Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. Pantheon Books, 1973.
- Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, Vintage Books, 1990.
- Galmarini-Kabala, Maria Cristina. The Right to Be Helped: Deviance, Entitlement, and the Soviet Moral Order. Northern Illinois UP, 2016.
- Gorsuch, Anne. Youth in Revolutionary Russia: Enthusiasts, Bohemians, Delinquents. Indiana UP, 2000.
- Healey, Dan. Bolshevik Sexual Forensics: Diagnosing Disorder in the Clinic and Courtroom, 1917–1939. Northern Illinois UP, 2009.
- Herlihy, Patricia. Odessa: A History, 1794–1914. Harvard UP for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1986.
- Hoffman, David. Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917–1941. Cornell UP, 2003.
- Holmes, Larry E. The Kremlin and the Schoolhouse: Reforming Education in Soviet Russia, 1917–1931. Indiana UP, 1991.
- Hutchinson, John F. Politics and Public Health in Revolutionary Russia, 1890–1918. Johns Hopkins UP, 1990.
- Kelly, Catriona. Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890–1991. Yale UP, 2007.
- King, Charles. Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W.W. Norton, 2011.
- Kirschenbaum, Lisa. Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917–1923. Routledge, 2001.
- Kuz'mych, Iu. A. “Dytiache mistechko im. Kominterna v dokumentakh ta materialakh DAOO ta biblioteky ONIuA.” Arkhiv. Dokument. Istoriia. Suchasnist': Zbirka naukovykh statei ta materialiv / Pratsi arkhivu Odes'koi oblasti, vol. IV, 2001, pp. 198–202.
- Kyrylenko, Vitalii. Holod 1921–1923 rokiv u pivdennii Ukraïni. 2015, Mykolaivs'kyi natsional'nyi universytet imeni V. O. Sukhomlyns'koho, Kand. ist. nauk.
- Levchenko, V. V. Istoriia Odes'koho instytutu narodnoi osvity (1920–1930 rr.): pozytyvnyi dosvid nevdaloho eksperymentu. TES, 2010.
- Lotova, E. I., and Kh. I. Idel'chik. Bor'ba s infektsionnymi bolezniami v SSSR 1917–1967: ocherki istorii. Meditsina, 1967.
- Michaels, Paula. Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia. Pittsburgh UP, 2003.
- Mikhel, Dmitry. “Fighting Plague in Southeast European Russia, 1917–25: A Case Study in Early Soviet Medicine.” Soviet Medicine: Culture, Practice, and Science, edited by Frances Lee Bernstein et al., Northern Illinois UP, 2010, pp. 40–70.
- Naiman, Eric. Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology. Princeton UP, 1997.
- Neuberger, Joan. Hooliganism: Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900–1914. California UP, 1993.
- Nikolina, Inna. Zahal'noosvitnia shkola Ukraïny 20-kh–pochatku 30-kh rr. XX st. Merk'iuri-Podillia, 2013.
- Parlett, William. “Breaching Cultural Worlds with the Village School: Educational Visions, Local Initiative, and Rural Experience at S. T. Shatskii’s Kaluga School System, 1919–1932.” Slavic and East European Review, vol. 82, no. 4, 2004, pp. 847–85.
- Patenaude, Bertrand M. The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford UP, 2002.
- Pauly, Matthew D. Breaking the Tongue: Language, Education, and Power in Soviet Ukraine, 1923–1934. Toronto UP, 2014.
- Petryshyna, L., and A. Iurii. “Do istorii stvorennia pershoho derzhavnoho pokazovoho dytiachoho mistechka v Odesi.” Okhorona dytynstva. Dytiache pravo: teoriia, dosvid, perspektyvy: materialy konferentsii, Iurydychna literatura, 2001, pp. 191–97.
- Potemkin, V. P., editor. Pervyi detskii gorodok imeni Kominterna: opyty i problemy sotsial'nogo vospitaniia. Izd. Narodnogo komissariata prosveshcheniia Ukrainy, 1922.
- Prozorov, Sergei. The Biopolitics of Stalinism: Ideology and Life in Soviet Socialism. Edinburgh UP, 2016.
- Richardson, Tanya. Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. Toronto UP, 2008.
- Robak, I. Iu. Okhorona zdorov"ia v pershii stolytsi radians'koi Ukraïny: 1919–1934 r. Kolehium, 2012.
- Robak, I. Iu, and H. L. Demochko. “Tsinne dzherelo z istorii ukrains'koi medytsyny ta okhorony zdorov"ia radians'kykh chasiv.” Medycyna Nowożytna. Studia nad Kulturą Medyczną, vol. 21, no. 2, 2015, pp. 241–51.
- Romanenko, A. E., editor. Zdravookhranenie i meditsinskaia nauka v Ukrainskoi SSR: puti i itogi razvitiia. Vol. 1., Zdorov"ia, 1987.
- Savchenko, V. Neofitsial'naia Odessa epokhi NEPa: mart 1921–sentiabr' 1929. ROSSPEN, 2012.
- Shaw, Claire L. Deaf in the USSR: Marginality, Community, and Soviet Identity, 1917–1991. Cornell UP, 2017.
- Slavko, A. A. Detskaia besprizornost' v Rossii v pervoe desiatiletie sovetskoi vlasti. INION RAN, 2005.
- Smirnova, T. M. Deti strany Sovetov: Ot gosudarstvennoi politiki k realiiam povsednevnoi zhizni 1917–1940 gg. Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2015.
- Solomon, Susan Gross. “Social Hygiene and Soviet Public Health, 1921–1930.” Health and Society in Revolutionary Russia, edited by Susan Gross Solomon and John F. Hutchinson, Indiana UP, 1990, pp. 175–99.
- Stanton, Rebecca Jane. Isaac Babel and the Self-Invention of Odessan Modernism. Northwestern UP, 2012.
- Starks, Tricia. The Body Soviet: Propaganda, Hygiene, and the Revolutionary State. Wisconsin UP, 2008.
- Sylvester, Roshanna P. Tales of Old Odessa: Crime and Civility in a City of Thieves. Northern Illinois UP, 2005.
- Tanny, Jarrod. City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia’s Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Indiana UP, 2011.
- Vasil'ev, K. K. Meditsina staroi Odessy: ocherki. Optimum, 2003.
- Veselova, O. M., et al. Holodomory v Ukraïni 1921–1923, 1932–1933, 1946–1947: zlochyny proty narodu. M.P. Kots', 2000.
- Weissman, Neil B. “Origins of Soviet Health Administration: Narkomzdrav, 1918–1928.” Health and Society in Revolutionary Russia, edited by Susan Gross Solomon and John F. Hutchinson, Indiana UP, 1990, pp. 97–120.
- Wood, Elizabeth A. The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia. Indiana UP, 1997.
- Zaporozhan, V. M., et al. Ocherki istorii zdravookhraneniia Odessy k ee 200-letiiu. Chernomor'e, 1994.
- Zinchenko, Alla. Dytiacha bezprytul'nist' v Radians'kii Ukraïni v 20-kh–pershii polovyni 30-kh rokiv XX stolittia. 2001, Odes'kyi derzhavnyi politekhnichnyi universytet, Kand. ist. nauk.
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-99. Vykonkom Odes'koi huberns'koi rady (Hubvykonkom).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-110. Odes'ka huberns'ka roboche-selians'ka inspektsiia (HubRKI).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-112. Odes'kyi okruzhnyi viddil okhorony zdorov"ia (Okrzdorov).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-134. Odes'kyi okruzhnyi viddil narodnoi osvity (Okrnarosvita).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-150. Odes'kyi huberns'kyi viddil narodnoi osvity (Hubnarosvita).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-453. Povnovazhnyi predstavnyk uriadu RSFSR ta URSR pry vsikh inozemnykh orhanizatsiiakh dopomohy holoduiuchym Rosiï po Odes'komu raionu.
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-702. Odes'ka huberns'ka komisiia borot'by z naslidkamy holodu (Naslidhol).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-1048. Odes'kyi povitovyi viddil sotsial'noho zabezpechennia (Povitsotszabez).
- State Archive of the Odesa Oblast—Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti (DAOO). Odesa, Ukraine. Fond R-1234. Vykonkom Odes'koi mis'koi rady (Mis'kvykonkom).