Can retranslation be considered a teleological act pertaining to the close rendering of the ST? Do ageing translations drive retranslations? Is the ideological struggle over the appropriation of a particular field the main drive behind retranslation? Although these questions have intrigued TS scholars since the “retranslation hypothesis,” this book offers a distinctive answer by investigating them in a complex web of relations amongst texts, institutions and agents. This is a book about retranslation. It is a book about what retranslation means and about what it means to speak of retranslated works at a particular time and space. It argues that retranslations are constituted by a particular kind of cultural and institutional praxis that exists at a particular point in time. This praxis changes and evolves as people come in contact with others, thereby giving rise to retranslations. It is reflected in technology, institutions, and in the articulations of values held by particular societies. Retranslations are the bearers of such cultural and institutional praxis; they are constituted by it in the historical process. This book aims to join critical reflections on the notion of retranslation and the issues raised by retranslated literature. TS scholars have come to a number of different kinds of issues about the nature of retranslation in many different ways from many different directions. This book came to them through the study of retranslation as the focal point that unravels the historical and synchronic dialogue amongst texts, institutions and agents. It does not take long for readers to recognise that retranslations are a lot more complicated than translations and that retranslation history can complement translation historiography. Moreover, retranslation is often shaped by beliefs about gender, ageing and the market, amongst other things. Since Özlem Berk Albachten and Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar, illustrious TS scholars and the editors of this book, repeatedly draw attention to the complexity of retranslation in their works (see for instance Tahir Gürçağlar 2009, 2011) and in a number of conferences, especially Retranslation in Context I and II at Boğaziçi University in 2013 and 2015, they have decided to renew critical efforts on the subject. But as with so many projects, what started as a relatively straightforward analysis of retranslated literature in the Ottoman and modern Turkish societies ended up as a speculative analysis of retranslation in multicultural contexts, using a variety of methods, such as paratextual and norm analysis. This is to elucidate the dominant effect of ideology on macro and micro translation decisions, thus conceptualising retranslation as an “evolving and rich phenomenon” (p. 2), a major theme shared by all participants. The book is composed of 11 chapters in total, which are complementary to each other, thematically placed under four parts. Part I analyses ideology and censorship in retranslation in different social and cultural contexts. Part II explores paratexts in the context of retranslation. Part III brings new insights to the field, including methods and concepts in the study of retranslation. Part IV sheds light on the relevance of bibliographical data for mapping the history of retranslation. Part I consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 by Andrew Samuel Walsh is a comparative and contrastive study of 10 versions of selected verses from Federico García Lorca’s celebrated poem, Oda a Walt Whitman, to demonstrate how (re)translations generally followed the currents of their time on homosexuality; in a sense, they were subjected to the current social attitudes and legislation. Walsh shows how earlier translations were much more likely prone to self- or externally imposed censorship than later ones, which operated in different socio-linguistic structures. This influenced the ideological status of the poet from “antifascist martyr …