Abstracts
Abstract
Following Dollerup’s (2000) classification of indirect and relay translation (here “T2”), this study locates both practices as translation taboos disparaged or tolerated depending upon cultural variables, shows its codification in translation organizations, and traces part of its aura of substandard practice to the doctrine of untranslatability; compiles the main reasons the phenomena have occurred, including extralinguistic factors; outlines some subclasses in a typology of ‘second-hand’ or intermediate translations (factoring in abridgements, adaptations, modernizations, lost originals, pseudotranslations, self-translations, triangulations, and transcreations); proposes ‘translative’ and ‘terminal’ relay, and overt and covert possibilities within retranslation, interlinear translation, plagiarism by translation, and support translation; considers the special case of sacred texts; and weighs new and future directions for study. The key factors of oral intermediation (the role of informants and collaborative translation) and the ‘intuiting’ of source languages without a working knowledge of them are brought into the equation. The work attempts to contribute a descriptive study to an area of research that has attracted visceral rejections of anything but source-to-target direct translation without such studies making allowances for the socio-historical conditions of production surrounding intermediary translation.
Keywords:
- indirect translation,
- relay translation,
- intermediate translation,
- support translation,
- overt translation,
- covert translation
Résumé
Suivant la classification de Dollerup (2000) de la traduction relais et de la traduction indirecte (« T2 »), la présente étude situe ces deux pratiques comme des tabous de traduction dépréciés ou tolérés selon des variables culturelles diverses, expose leur codification au sein d’organismes de traduction, et lie en partie le fait qu’elles soient considérées comme de mauvaises pratiques à la doctrine de l’intraduisibilité. L’étude établit les causes principales de ces phénomènes, y compris des éléments extralinguistiques. Elle définit certaines sous-catégories d’une typologie des traductions dites « de seconde main » ou intermédiaires (par exemple, abrégements, adaptations, modernisations, traductions dont les originaux sont perdus, pseudo-traductions, auto-traductions, triangulations et transcréations). Elle envisage un relais « traductif » et « terminal » et des possibilités de retraduction directe et indirecte, la traduction interlinéaire, le plagiat par traduction et la traduction par assistance. Elle se penche sur le cas particulier des textes sacrés. Enfin, elle évalue de nouvelles orientations et des voies futures pour la recherche. Les éléments essentiels de l’intermédiation orale (le rôle des informateurs et de la traduction collaborative) et l’« intuition » des langues sources en dehors d’une connaissance fonctionnelle sont également pris en considération. L’article se veut une étude descriptive dans un domaine de recherche qui a entretenu un rejet viscéral de tout ce qui n’est pas traduction directe du texte source au texte cible sans que de telles études puissent faire la lumière sur les conditions socio-historiques de la production entourant la traduction intermédiaire.
Mots-clés :
- traduction indirecte,
- traduction relais,
- traduction intermédiaire,
- traduction assistée,
- traduction directe,
- traduction indirecte
Appendices
Bibliography
- Ackerman, Sherry L. (2008): Behind The Looking Glass. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Pub.
- Almberg, S.P.E. (1995): Retranslation. In: Sin-Wai Chan, David E. Pollard, eds. An Encyclopaedia Of Translation: Chinese-English, English-Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 925-930.
- Apter, Ronnie (1987): Digging for the Treasure: Translation after Pound. New York: Paragon House.
- Ardila, J.A.G. (2009): The Cervantean Heritage. London: Legenda.
- Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1981): The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M. Bakhtin. (Translated by Caryl and Michael Holquist) Michael Holquist, ed. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- Barnstone, Willis (1993): The Poetics of Translation: History, Theory, Practice. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Bielsa, Esperança and Bassnett, Susan (2009): Translation in Global News. London/New York: Routledge.
- Bellos, David (2011a): Is That a Fish in Your Ear? Translation and the Meaning of Everything. New York: Faber and Faber.
- Bellos, David (2011b): The Englishing of Ismail Kadare: notes of a retranslator. The Complete Review Quarterly. 6(2). Visited on 28 November 2011, http://www.complete-review.com/quarterly/vol6/issue2/bellos.htm.
- Benjamin, Walter (1968): The Task of the Translator. In: Walter Benjamin. Illuminations. (Translated by Harry Zohn) Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 69-82.
- Benjamin, Walter (1980): Gesammelte schriften. In: Rolf Tiedemann and Hermann Schwepenhauser, eds. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
- Bernofsky, Susan (2005): Foreign Words: Translator-authors in the Age of Goethe. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
- Buescu, Helena and Ferreira Duarte, João (2007): Communicating voices: Herberto Helder’s experiments in cross-cultural poetry. Forum for Modern Language Studies. 43(2):173-186.
- Chan, Leo Tak-hung (2009): Translation, transmission, and travel: culturalist theorizing on ‘outward’ translations of classical Chinese literature. In: Leo Tak-hung Chan. One into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 321-346.
- Chesterman, Andrew (2001). Proposal for a Hieronymic oath. In: Anthony Anthol, ed. The Return to Ethics. The translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication. 7(2):139-54.
- Cheung, Kai-chong (2003): The Haoqiu zhuan, the first Chinese novel translated in Europe: with special reference to Percy’s and Davis’s renditions. In: Leo Tak-hung Chan.One into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 29-37.
- Dollerup, Cay (2000): ‘Relay’ and ‘Support’ Translation. In: Andrew Chesterman, Natividad Gallardo, San Salvadoret al., eds. Translation in Context: Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, Granada 1998. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 17-26.
- DomínguezPérez, Mónica (2008): Las traducciones de literatura infantil y juvenil en el interior de la comunidad interliteraria específica española (1940-1980). Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
- Ellis, Roger (2008): Oxford History of Literary Translation In English - Volume 1: to 1550. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
- Findeisen, Raoul David (2003): Does the East Asian – European interliterary communication in the Late Qing-Late Meiji periods offer a model for a globalized literature? Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/Revue canadienne de littérature comparée. 30(3-4):555-564.
- Friedberg, Maurice (1997): Literary Translation in Russian: A Cultural History. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Gambier, Yves (2003): Working with relay: an old story and a new challenge. In: Luis Pérez González, ed. Speaking in Tongues: Language across Contexts and Users. València: Universitat de València, 47-66.
- Gasché, Rudolphe (1986): Saturnine vision and the question of difference: reflections on Walter Benjamin’s theory of language. Studies in Twentieth Century Literature. 11(1):69-90.
- Gaskill, Howard (2002): Review. Holderlin’s Sophocles. Translation and Literature. 11(2):270-278.
- Gentzler, Edwin (2001): Contemporary Translation Theories. Clevedon/Buffalo: Multilingual Matters.
- Gerhardt, Mia (1963): Art of Story-Telling: A Literary Study of the Thousand and One Nights. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Gutt, Ernst-August (1992): Relevance Theory: A Guide to Successful Communication in Translation. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Heilbron, Hohan (2000): Translation as a cultural world-system. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology 8(1):9-26.
- Hermans, Theo (1999): Translation in Systems: Descriptive and Systemic Approaches Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Höfele, Andreas and Werner Von Koppenfels (2005): Renaissance Go-betweens: Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter.
- Ibrahim, Hasnah (1994): A case for a spectral model. In: Cay Dollerup and Anne Lindegaard, eds. Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2: Aims, Insights, Visions. [Selection of] Papers from the Second Language International Conference (Elsinore, Denmark, June 4-6, 1993). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 151-156.
- Lambert, José (2006): Literatures, Translation, and (De)colonization. In: Dirk Delabastita, Lieven d’Hulst and Reine Meylaerts. Functional Approaches to Culture and Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 87-104.
- Levý, Jiři (2011). The Art of Translation. (Translated by Patrick Corness) Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Lie, Raymond S.C. (2000): Indirect translation. In: Olive Classe, ed. Encyclopedia Of Literary Translation into English. London/Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 708-9.
- Lifshey, Adam (2010): Specters of Conquest: Indigenous Absence in Transatlantic Literatures. New York: Fordham University Press.
- Loulakaki-Moore, Irene (2010): Seferis and Elytis as translators. Bern/Switzerland/New York: Peter Lang.
- Lovell, Julia (2006): The Politics of Cultural Capital: China’s Quest for a Nobel Prize in Literature. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.
- Marín Lacarta, Maialen (2008): La traducción indirecta de la narrativa china contemporánea al castellano: ¿síndrome o enfermedad? 1611: revista de historia de la traducción: a journal of translation history/Revista d’història de la traducció. 2(2). Visited on 22 December 2011, http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/art/marin.htm.
- Maronitis, Dimitris N. (2008): Intralingual translation: genuine and false dilemmas. In: Alexandra Lianeri and Vanda Zajko, eds. Translation and the Classic: Identity as Change in the History of Culture. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
- Martens, Dorothea (2010): Intertextuality in translation: modeling the textual relationship in translation [abstract]. New Voices in Translation Studies. 6. Visited on 28 December 2011, https://www.iatis.org/images/stories/publications/new-voices/Issue6-2010/abstract-martens-2010.pdf.
- Matthiessen, Francis (1931): Translation: An Elizabethan Art. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Miner, Robert (1972): Aesop as litmus: the acid test of children’s literature. Children’s literature. 1:9-15.
- Mossop, Brian (2006): Has computerization changed translation? Meta. 51(4):787-805.
- Ozolins, Uldis (2009): Back translation as a means of giving translators a voice. Interpreting and translation. 1(2):1-13.
- Pacheco Pinto, Marta (2009/2010): Translating the Oriental otherness at the turn of the 19th century. VI Congresso Nacional Associação Portuguesa de Literatura Comparada / X Colóquio de Outono Comemorativo das Vanguardas – Universidade do Minho. 1-20. Visited on 29 December 2011, http://ceh.ilch.uminho.pt/Pub_Marta_Pinto.pdf.
- Pajares, Frank (n. d.): Oráculo manual i arte de prudencia dacada de los sforismos que se discurren en las obras de Lorenço Gracián, Spanish text: edición de Emilio Blanco, Cátedra, S. A., 1995 English translation by Professor Frank Pajares. Visited on 3 January 2012, http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/Gracian/GracianFAQ.html.
- Paz, Octavio (1992): Translation: Literature and Letters. Translation by Irene del Corral. In: Rainer Schulte and John Bighenet, eds. Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 152-62.
- Pederson, Jan (2011): Subtitling Norms for Television: An Exploration Focussing on Extralinguistic and Cultural References. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Pérez González, Luis (2003): Speaking in Tongues: Language Across Contexts and Users. València: Universitat de València.
- Pieta, Hanna (2010): Portuguese translations of Polish literature published in book form. In: Omid Azadibougar, ed. Translation Effects.Selected papers of the CETRA research seminar intranslation studies 2009. 1-25. Visited on 8 January 2012, http://www.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers/papers.html.
- Pym, Anthony (1998): Method in Translation History. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Pym, Anthony (2011): Translation research terms: a tentative glossary for moments of perplexity and dispute. In: Anthony Pym, ed. Translation Research Projects 3. Tarragona, Spain: Intercultural Studies Group. Visited on 15 December 2011, http://isg.urv.es/publicity/isg/publications/trp_3_2011/isgbook3_web.pdf#page=67.
- Quentel, Gilles (2006): The translation of H.C. Andersen’s fairy tales in the European literary scene. Revue des littératures de l’Union Européenne. 4:87-99.
- Radó, György (1975): Indirect translation. Babel. 21(2):51-59.
- Randall, Marilyn (2001): Pragmatic Plagiarism: Authorship, Profit, and Power. Toronto/Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
- Rendall, Steven (2000): A note on Harry Zohn’s translation. In: Lawrence Venuti, ed. The Translation Studies Reader. New York/London: Routledge. 23-25.
- Ricci, Ronit (2011): Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
- Ringmar, Martin (2006): ‘Roundabout routes.’ Some remarks on indirect translations. In: Francis Mus, ed. Selected papers of the CETRA research seminar in Translation Studies 2006. Visited in November 2011, http://www.kuleuven.be/cetra/papers/Papers2006/RINGMAR.pdf.
- Robinson, Douglas (1998): Pseudotranslation. In: Mona Baker, ed. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge, 183-185.
- Rónai, Paulo (2005): Notes toward a history of literary translation in Brazil. (Translated by Tom Moore) Translation Review. 69:49-53.
- Ruthvin, Kenneth K. (2001): Faking Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Sakai, Naoko and Solomon, Jon (2006): Translation, Biopolitics, Colonial Difference. Hong Kong/London: Hong Kong University Press/Eurospan [distributor].
- Shuttleworth, Mark and Cowie, Moira (1997): Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
- Shvabrin, Stanislav Anatolyevich (2007): Vladimir Nabokov as Translator: The multilingual Works of the Russian Period. Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor in Philosophy. Los Angeles: UCLA.
- St. André, James (2003a): Modern translation theory and past translation practice: European translations of the Haoqiu zhuan. In: Leo Tak-hung Chan, ed. One into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 39-65.
- St. André, James (2003b): Retranslation as argument: canon formation, professionalization, and rivalry in 19th century sinological translation. Cadernos de Tradução. 11(1):59-93.
- Steiner, George (1975): After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Toker, K. Onur (2005): Prophecy and tongues: St. Paul, interpreting, and building the house. In: Lynne Long, ed. Translation and Religion: Holy Untranslatable? Clevedon/Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, 33-40.
- Toury, Gideon (1980): In Search of a Theory of Translation. Tel Aviv: The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics.
- Toury, Gideon (1995): Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 53-69.
- Toury, Gideon (2002): Translation and reflection on translation. In: Robert Singerman, ed. Jewish Translation History. A Bibliography of Bibliographies and Studies. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, ix-xxxvi.
- Turell, M. Teresa (2004): Textual kidnapping revisited: the case of plagiarism in literary translation. Forensic Linguistics. 11(1):1-26.
- Turell, M. Teresa (2008): Forensic linguistic evidence. In: John Gibbons and M. Teresa Turell, eds. Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 213-300.
- Venuti, Lawrence (2011): The poet’s version; or, an ethics of translation. Translation Studies. 4(2):230-247.
- Wegner, Paul D. (1999): Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books.
- Wolf, Michaela and Fukari, Alexandra (2007): Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Yu, Pauline (2007): Travels of a culture: Chinese poetry and the European imagination. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 151(2):218-229.
- Yuste Rodrigo, Elia (2008): Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
10.7202/014342ar