Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article concerne l’analyse de l’influence de l’exportation sur la productivité et l’innovation dans les entreprises. L’objectif est d’évaluer l’effet de l’exportation sur la performance des entreprises en mettant en évidence le rôle clé de l’apprentissage par l’exportation. Les différentes hypothèses proposées dans cette étude sont testées dans le cadre d’un modèle récursif à partir d’indicateurs synthétiques de l’intrant et de l’extrant d’innovation issus de l’analyse des correspondances multiples (ACM). Les estimations sont réalisées à partir des données d’un échantillon représentatif de 90 PMI de la région Basse-Normandie (France) provenant de l’enquête conduite en 2009-2010 dans le cadre du projet IDEIS. Les apports de ce travail résident principalement dans 1) la décomposition de l’influence globale de l’exportation sur les performances de l’entreprise en trois effets : un effet d’apprentissage, un effet d’« autosélection » et un effet direct sur la productivité, 2) l’explicitation de l’effet d’apprentissage, 3) la prise en compte simultanée de la persistance de l’exportation et de son intensité. Les estimations mettent en évidence un effet d’apprentissage par l’exportation de manière non biaisée contrairement aux travaux antérieurs.
Mots-clés :
- Exportation,
- Productivité,
- Innovation,
- Apprentissage,
- Autosélection
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the impact of exporting on productivity and innovation in SMEs. The primary aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of export on firm performance. The various assumptions made in this study are tested in a recursive model from synthetic indicators of innovation using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). We use data from a representative random sample formed by 90 SMEs of regional of Normandy (France), obtained from the survey conducted in the IDEIS project. The main contributions of this work consist in 1) the decomposition of the overall effect of the export on the firm performance into three effects : a learning effect, a self-selection effect and a specialization effect ; 2) the clarification of the learning-by-exporting effect concept, 3) the simultaneous consideration of both persistence and intensity of export. Estimates show a learning-by-exporting effect without bias contrary to previous works.
Keywords:
- Export,
- Productivity,
- Innovation,
- Learning-from-doing,
- Self-selection
Resumen
Este artículo presenta un análisis acerca del impacto de la exportación sobre la productividad y la innovación en las PyME. El objetivo es de evaluar el efecto de la exportación sobre la performancia de las empresas poniendo en evidencia el papel primordial del aprendizaje por intermedio de la exportación. Las diferentes hipótesis propuestas en este estudio son evaluadas a partir de un modelo recursivo. Los indicadores sintéticos « entrantes » y « salientes » de innovación provienen de un análisis de correspondencias múltiples. Utilizamos datos de una muestra representativa constituída de noventa empresas de la región de Normandía (Francia), proveniente de la encuesta conducida en el proyecto IDEIS. La principal contribución de este estudio consiste en : 1) la descomposición de la influencia global de la exportación sobre la performancia de la empresa en tres efectos : efecto de aprendizaje, efecto de auto-selección y efecto directo sobre la productividad, 2) la clarificación del efecto de aprendizaje, 3) la consideración simultánea de la persistencia de la exportación y de su intensidad. Las estimaciones ponen de relieve un efecto de aprendizaje por intermedio de la exportación de manera no oblicua contrariamente a los estudios anteriores.
Palabras clave:
- Exportación,
- Productividad,
- Innovación,
- Aprendizaje,
- Auto-selección
Appendices
Références
- Aeberhardt, R., Buono, I. et Fadinger, H. (2014). Learning, incomplete contracts and export dynamics : theory and evidence from french firms. European Economic Review, 68, 219-249.
- Albornoz, F., Calvo, H., Corcos, G. et Ornelas, E. (2012). Sequential exporting. Journal of International Economics, 88(1), 17-31.
- Andersson, M. et Lööf, H. (2009). Learning-by-exporting revisited – the role of intensity and persistence. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 111(4), 893-916.
- Arora, A. et Gambardella, A. (1990). Complementarity and external linkages : the strategies of the large firms in biotechnology. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 38(4), 361-79.
- Arrow, K. (1962). The economic implications of learning-by-doing. Review of Economics and Statistics, 29(3), 155-173.
- Aw, B.Y., Roberts, M.J. et Winston, T. (2007). The complementary role of exports and R&D investments as sources of productivity growth. The World Economy, 30(1), 83-104.
- Baldwin, J. et Gu, W. (2004). Trade liberalization : export-market participation, productivity growth, and innovation. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 20(3), 372-392.
- Baldwin, J. et Hanel, P. (2003). Innovation and knowledge creation in an open economy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Barkema, H.G. et Vermeulen, F. (1998). International expansion through startup or acquisition : a learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 7-26.
- Bell, J., McNaughton, R. et Young, S. (2001). Born-again global firms – An extension to the born global phenomenon. Journal of International Management, 7(3), 173-189.
- Bellone, F. et Guillou, S. (2011). Innovation et performance des exportateurs : une analyse empirique sur données d’entreprises françaises. Dans L. Rousseau (dir.), L’innovation dans les entreprises : moteurs, moyens et enjeux (p. 186-207). Paris, Ministère de l’Économie, des Finances et de l’Industrie.
- Bellone, F., Musso, P., Nesta, L. et Quéré, M. (2006, juillet). Caractéristiques et performances des firmes exportatrices françaises. Revue de l’OFCE, 98(3), 183-212.
- Bernard, A.B., Eaton, J., Jensen, B.J. et Kortum, S. (2003). Plants and productivity in international trade. American Economic Review, 93(4), 1268-1290.
- Bernard, A.B. et Jensen, B.J. (1999). Exceptional exporter performance : cause, effect, or both ? Journal of International Economics, 47(1), 1-25.
- Bernard, A.B., Redding, S. et Schott, P.K. (2006). Multi-product firms and trade liberalization. CEP Discussion Papers dp0769, Centre for Economic Performance.
- Blum, B.S., Claro, S. et Horstmann, I.J. (2013). Occasional and perennial exporters. Journal of International Economics, 90(1), 65-74.
- Bratti, M. et Felice, G. (2009). Export and product innovation at firm level. University Library of Munich, Allemagne, MPRA Paper 18915.
- Brown, R. et Ternouth, P. (2006). International competitiveness : businesses working with UK universities. Londres, The Council for Industry and Higher Education.
- Caroli, E. et VanReenen, J. (2001). Skill-biased organizational change ? Evidence from a panel of british and french Establishments. Quartely Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1449-1492.
- Cassiman, B., Golovko, E. et Martínez-Ros, E. (2010). Innovation, exports and productivity. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28(4), 372-376.
- Castellani, D. (2002). Export behaviour and productivity growth : evidence from italian manufacturing firms. Review of World Economics, 138(4), 605-628.
- Caves, D.W., Christensen, L.R. et Diewert, W.E. (1982). Multilateral comparisons of output, input, and productivity using superlative index numbers. The Economic Journal, 92, 73-86.
- Chongvilaivan, A. (2012). Learning by exporting and high-tech capital deepening in Singapore manufacturing industries. Applied Economics, 44(20), 2551-2568.
- Clerides, S., Lach, S. et Tybout, J. (1998). Is learning by exporting important ? Microdynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico and Morocco. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903-948.
- Cohen, W. et Levinthal, D. (1989). Innovation and learning : two faces of R&D. Economic Journal, 99(397), 569-586.
- Cohen, W. et Levinthal, D. (1990). Absorptive capacity : a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152.
- Constantini, J. et Melitz, M. (2008). The dynamics of firm-level adjustment to trade liberalization. Dans E. Helpman, D. Marin et T. Verdier (dir.), The organization of firms in a global economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts, États-Unis, Harvard University Press.
- Corden, M. (1974). Trade policy and economic welfare. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
- Crépon, B., Duguet, E. et Mairesse, J. (1998). Research, innovation, and productivity : an econometric analysis at the firm level. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 7(2), 115-158.
- Crespi, G., Cricuolo, C. et Haskel, J. (2008). Productivity, exporting and the learning by exporting hypothesis : direct evidence from UK firms. Canadian Journal of Economics, 41(2), 619-638.
- Damijan, J.-P et Kostevc, C. (2006). Learning-by-exporting : Continuous productivity improvements or capacity utilization effects ? Evidence from Slovenian firms. Review of World Economics, 142(3), 599-614.
- Damijan, J.-P., Kostevc, C. et Polanec, S. (2010). From innovation to exporting or vice versa ? The World Economy, 33(3), 374-398.
- DeLoecker, J. (2007). Do exports generate higher productivity ? Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of International Economics, 73(1), 69-98.
- Delgado, M.A., Fariñas, J.-C. et Ruano, S. (2002). Firm productivity and export markets : a non parametric approach. Journal of International Economics, 57(2), 397-422.
- Ernst, H. (2002). Success factors of new product development : a review of the empirical literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(1), 1-40.
- Evenson, R. et Westphal, L. (1995). Technological changes and technological strategy. Dans T. Srinivasan et L. Behrman (dir.), Handbook of development economics (p. 2209-2300). Amsterdam, North-Holland.
- Fernandes, A. et Isgut, A. (2005). Learning-by-doing, learning-by-exporting, and productivity : evidence from Colombia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3544.
- Foray, D. et Lissoni, F. (2010). University research and public-private interaction. Dans B. Hall et N. Rosenberg (dir.), Handbook of the economics of innovation (p. 275-314). Amsterdam, North-Holland, Elsevier.
- Forsman, H. (2011). Innovation capacity and innovation development in small enterprises. A comparison between the manufacturing and service sectors. Research Policy, 40(5), 739-750.
- Gaussens, O. (2009). Capacité d’innovation des PME : modèle économique et schéma d’innovation. Caen, Université de Caen Normandie.
- Gaussens, O., Lecostey, S. et Shahbazi, K. (2009). Customisation vs standardisation : international integration and consumer surplus. Annals of Economics and Statistics, (93-94), 233-257.
- Girma, S., Görg, H. et Hanley, A. (2008). R&D and exporting : a comparison of British and Irish firms. Review of World Economics, 144(4), 750-773.
- Girma, S., Greenaway, D. et Kneller, R. (2004). Does exporting increase productivity ? A microeconometric analysis of matched firms. Review of International Economics, 12(5), 855-866.
- Govindarajan, V., Trimble, C. et Nooyi, I.K. (2012). Reverse innovation : create far from home, win everywhere. Boston, Harvard Business Review Press.
- Greenan, N. (1996). Progrès technique et changement organisationnel : leur impact sur l’emploi et les qualifications. Économie et Statistique, 298(1), 35-44.
- Greenaway, D. et Kneller, R. (2007). Firm heterogeneity, exporting and foreign direct investment. Economic Journal, 117(517), 134-161.
- Griffith, R., Huergo, E., Mairesse, J. et Peters, B. (2006). Innovation and productivity across four european country. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4), 483-498.
- Grossman, G.M. et Helpman, E. (2001). Innovation and growth in the global economy (7e édition). Cambridge, Massachusetts, États-Unis, The MIT Press.
- Hahn, C.H. et Park, C.G. (2011). Direction of causality in innovation-exporting linkage : evidence on korean manufacturing. Korea and the world economy, 12(2), 367-398.
- Hall, B., Lotti, F. et Mairesse, J. (2009). Innovation and productivity in SMEs : empirical evidence for Italy. Small Business Economics, 33(1), 13-33.
- Hatzichronoglou, T. (1997). Revision of the high technology sector and product classification. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 1997-02.
- Head, K. et Mayer, T. (2000). Non-Europe : The magnitude and causes of market fragmentation in the EU. Review of World Economics, 136(2), 285-314.
- Herimalala, R. et Gaussens, O. (2012). Evaluation of innovation processes X-efficiency in SMEs using MOLP-DEA. Dans Proceeding of DEA symposium (p. 257-264). Tokyo, Seikei University ed.
- Hoffman, K.P. (1998). Small firms, R&D, technology and innovation in the UK : a literature review. Technovation, 18(1), 39-55.
- Hultman, M., Robson, M.J. et Katsikeas, C.S. (2009). Export product strategy fit and performance : an empirical investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 17(4), 1-23.
- ISGEP (2008). Understanding cross-country differences in exporter premia : comparable evidence for 14 countries. Review of World Economics, International Study Group on Exports and Productivity (ISGEP), 144(4), 596-635.
- Ito, K. (2012). Sources of learning-by-exporting effects : does exporting promote innovation ? ERIA Working Papers 06.
- Kline, S.J. et Rosenberg, N. (1986). An overview on innovation. Dans R.A. Landau, The positive sum strategy : harnessing technology for economic growth (p. 275-306). Washington, États-Unis, National Academy of Sciences.
- Krugman, P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. The American Economic Review, 70(5), 950-959.
- LeMasson, P., Weil, B. et Hatchuel, A. (2010). Strategic management of innovation and design. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Lecerf, M.-A. (2012). Déterminants de l’internationalisation des PME françaises. Revue internationale PME, 25(1), 117-149.
- Leonidou, L.C., Katsikeas, C.S. et Coudounaris, D.N. (2010). Five decades of business research into exporting : a bibliographic analysis. Journal of International Management, 16(1), 78-91.
- Love, J.H. et Ganotakis, P. (2013). Learning by exporting : lessons from high-technology SMEs. International Business Review, 22(1), 1-17.
- Mairesse, J. et Mohnen, P. (2011). Using innovation survey for econometric analysis. Dans B. Hall et N. Rosenberg (dir.), Economics of innovation (p. 1125-1155). Amsterdam, Elsevier.
- Manuel d’Oslo (2005). Principes directeurs pour le recueil et l’interprétation des données sur l’innovation. OCDE.
- Martin, J.P. et Page, J.M. (1983). Impact of subsidies on LDC industry : theory and an empirical test. Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(3), 608-617.
- Martins, P. et Yang, Y. (2009). The impact of exporting on firm productivity : a meta-analysis of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. Review World Economics, 145(3), 431-445.
- McCallum, J. (1995). National borders matter : Canada-U.S. regional trade patterns. American Economic Review, 85(3), 615-623.
- Melitz, M. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725.
- Milgrom, P. et Roberts, J. (1990). The economics of modern manufacturing : technology, strategy and organization. The American Economic Review, 80(3), 511-528.
- Miravete, E. et Pernias, J. (2006). Innovation complementarity and scale of production. Journal of Industrial Economics, 54(1), 1-29.
- Mohnen, P. et Dagenais, M. (2002). Towards an innovation intensity index. The case of CIS-I in Danmark and Ireland. Dans A. Kleinknecht et P. Mohnen (dir.), Innovation and firm performance. Econometric explorations of survey data (p. 3-30). New York, Palgrave.
- Nickell, S. (1996). Competition and corporate performance. Journal of Political Economy, 104(4), 724-746.
- Nishimizu, M. et Page, J. (1991). Trade policy, market-orientation and productivity change in industry. Dans J. de Melo et A. Sapir (dir.), Trade theory and economic reform. Cambridge, Basil Blackwell.
- Nooteboom, B. (2000). Learning and innovation in organizations and economies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- O’Cass, A. et Julian, C. (2003). Modelling the effects of firm-specific and environmental characteristics on export marketing performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 16(3), 53-74.
- Polder, M., VanLeeuwen, G., Mohnen, P. et Raymond, W. (2009). Productivity effects of innovation modes. Amsterdam, Statistics Netherlands Working Paper 09033.
- Rhee, Y., Ross-Larson, B. et Pursell, G. (1984). Korea’s competitive edge : managing entry into world markets. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.
- Salomon, R. et Jin, B. (2008). Does knowledge spill to leaders or laggards ? Exploring industry heterogeneity in learning by exporting. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1), 132-150.
- Salomon, R. et Jin, B. (2010). Do leading or lagging firms learn more from exporting ? Strategic Management Journal, 31(10), 1088-1113.
- Salomon, R. et Shaver, J. (2005). Learning by exporting : new insights from examining firm innovation. Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 14(2), 431-460.
- Schmid, S. et Kotulla, T. (2011). 50 years of research on international standardization and adaptation – From a systematic literature analysis to a theoretical framework. International Business Review, 20(5), 491-507.
- Spielkamp, A. et Rammer, C. (2009). Financing of innovation – Thresholds and options. Management & Marketing, 4(2), 3-18.
- Stoian, M.C., Rialp, A. et Rialp, J. (2011). Export performance under the microscope : a glance through spanish. International Business Review, 20(2), 117-135.
- Trofimenko, N. (2008). Learning by exporting : does it matter where one learns ? Evidence from colombian manufacturing plants. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(4), 871-894.
- VanBiesebrook, J. (2005). Exporting raises productivity in Sub-Saharan African manufacturing firms. Journal of International Economics, 67(2), 373-391.
- Vinod, D. (1978). A survey of ridge regression and related techniques for improvements over ordinary least squares. Review of Economics and Statistics, 60(1), 121-131.
- Wagner, J. (2007). Exports and productivity : a survey of the evidence from firm-level data. World Economy, 30(1), 60-82.
- Wolf, H.C. (2000). International home bias in trade. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(4), 555-563.
- Yasar, M., Garcia, P., Nelson, C. et Rejesus, R. (2007). Is there evidence of learning-by-exporting in Turkish manufacturing industries ? International Review of Applied Economics, 21(2), 293-305.
- Yeaple, S.R. (2005). A simple model of firm heterogeneity, international trade, and wages. Journal of International Economics, 65(1), 1-20.
- Zahra, S.A. et George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity : a review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203.
- Zarka, M. et Laroche, A. (2015). De nouveaux modèles de croissance pour les industries agroalimentaires françaises ? La Fabrique de l’industrie et Saf agr’iDées.
10.7202/1014876ar